Germanium was one of the elements whose existence was predicted in 1869 by russian chemist dmitri mendeleev, after he noticed a gap between silicon and tin in his periodic table. The physical and chemical properties of germanium closely parallel. Topics covered background basic information occurrence production of germanium isotopes health aspects key properties applications background. Germanium is an element with atomic symbol ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72. The chemical element germanium is classed as a metalloid. Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grayishwhite metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Some compounds that include germanium are useful in killing bacteria while not harming animals. Russian chemist dmitri mendeleev, who developed the periodic table, predicted that a new element will be discovered to fill an empty spot in the table. It is more reactive than silicon, which is immediately above germanium in the periodic table, but not by much. Therefore, when you break a piece of iron into smaller pieces or heat it, the piece still remains as the element iron.
Scientists are studying germanium for use in chemotherapy to help treat cancer. Chemical and physical information toxicological profile. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to each other. It does dissolve in hot acids and with oxygen at high temperatures, however. It did not become economically significant until after 1945, when its properties as a semiconductor in electronics were recognized. Germanium is an element that is a semiconductor, which makes it useful for making electronic devices. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements.
Gallium can infiltrate glass, so it should not be stored in a glass container. Isotope names of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out, e. Shiny and silvery, yet very brittle, germanium is an important. Whereas phosphorous is a group 15 element, and chlorine is a group 17 element. It does not dissolve in water and does not react with oxygen at room temperature. Webelements periodic table germanium digermanium hexahydride. Get periodic table facts on the chemical and physical properties of the element arsenic, which is used as a doping agent in solidstate devices. Germanium ge chemical properties, health and environmental. There are thirtyone isotopes of gallium and their atomic mass range from 56 to 86. It is a lustrous, hardbrittle, grayishwhite metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbours silicon and tin. You will find some forms of carbon which are pure and some forms which are not pure like coal which is the mixture of both carbon and hydrogen. Illustration of the germanium chemical element icon. Germanium is located in the middle of the carbon family, which is group 14 iva in the periodic table. Carbon is a nonmetal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals.
Webelements periodic table germanium reactions of elements. Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes, 208 pb 5153%, 206 pb 23. It is a lustrous, hard, grayishwhite metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Germanium is mainly a byproduct of zinc ore processing. Gallium is light blue metal, which becomes a silvery white liquid at 29. A hard, greywhite, lustrous and brittle metalloid acts in properties between metals and nonmetals. The stable isotopes are only two, gallium69 and gallium71. The chemical and physical properties of the element. Get the facts about element germanium ge 32 from the periodic table. When germanium is doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor element in thousands of electronic applications. Germanium chemical element with first ionization energy, atomic mass and electronegativity values,simple black icon with shadow on gray chemical element of periodic table. Carbon and silicon are non metals, germanium is metalloid, whereas tin and lead are soft metals with low melting points. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps, and as a catalyst. The largest use of germanium is in the semiconductor industry.
Germanium chemical element download this royalty free stock illustration in seconds. Periodic table periodicity of properties of the elements. Group 14 physical and chemical properties definition. The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor. Symbol of chemical element germanium as seen on the periodic table of the elements, including atomic number and atomic weight. An element cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any physical or chemical methods such as heat, light electricity, or chemical reactions with other substances. These physical properties determine the high economic importance of ge and compounds in the industry sector.
Germanium and its oxide are transparent to infrared light. Germanium resembles silicon in forming the hydride geh 4 and the chloroform gehcl 2, whilst the complex fluoride k 2 gef 6 resembles potassium silicifluoride, k 2 sif 6. Germanium is atomic number 32 with element symbol ge. Germanium ge cid 6326954 structure, chemical names, physical and chemical. The physical and chemical properties of germanium closely parallel those of silicon. Us3024148a methods of chemically polishing germanium. Germanium is a hard, grayishwhite element, has a metallic luster but is brittle like glass. It is stable in air and water and does not get affected by alkalis and acids except nitric acid. Germanium is an element with atomic symbol ge, atomic number 32, and. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol ge and atomic number 32. Physical and chemical properties of gallium metal oxides. Germanium is brittle and silverywhite under standard conditions. Ge is a chemical element with a grayishwhite color whose position in the periodic table. Germanium is a chemical element with symbol ge and atomic number 32.
Element germanium ge, group 14, atomic number 32, pblock, mass 72. Germaniumpolyelectrolytegold nanoparticle composites were prepared and characterized using ftiratr spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The pure element was commonly doped with arsenic, gallium or other elements and used as a transistor in thousands of electronic applications. Germanium was another element that had not yet been discovered. Also see the full list of chemical elements and atomic weights. Germanium, a chemical element between silicon and tin in group 14 iva of the periodic table, a silverygray metalloid, intermediate in properties between the metals and the nonmetals. When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties.
The image above is a virtual representation of germanium metal. Germanium, chemical element reaction, water, uses, elements. Physical and chemical properties of carbon chemistry byjus. Important properties that may be important in germanium chemistry and toxicology are the. If a proton were added to each germanium nucleus, however, you would not want to swallow the capsule because the germanium would. Chemical and physical properties of gadolinium, a rare earth element. It has a diamondlike crystalline structure and it is similar in chemical and physical properties to silicon. Today, however, other semiconductors have replaced it. Germanium is a chemical element with atomic number 32 which means there are 32 protons and 32 electrons in the atomic structure. Despite serious safety concerns, germanium is used for heart and blood vessel conditions, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and heart disease.
According to iupac, chemical elements are not proper nouns in english. It does not form minerals but is present in the lattices of certain sulfides such as sphalerite, zns. Recognizing that the missing component in argyrodite was a new element, winkler dubbed it germanium and proposed placing it between antimony and bismuth, based on chemical similarities with. Find physical data, electron configuration, chemical properties, aggregation states, isotope data including decay trees as well as some historic information. Germanium is stable in air and water, and is unaffected by alkalis and acids, except nitric acid. Germanium 72 ge cid 44152739 structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety. Germanium is a chemical element that can be found in trace amounts in some ores and carbonbased materials. Germanium element information, properties and uses periodic.
The physical data from those compoundswhich corresponded well with mendeleevs predictionsmade the. Its also transparent to infrared radiation, so germanium can be used on the lenses of night. Comprehensive data on the chemical element germanium is provided on this page. Classified as a metalloid, germanium is a solid at room temperature. Germanium 74 is the most abundant isotope while germanium 76 is the least abundant.
Germanium, a chemical element places between silicon and tin in group 14 of the periodic table. If a neutral element has the following chemical symbol, how many electrons does it have. The periodic system or periodic law for chemical elements was first developed in 1869 by the russian dmitri i. First proposed to exist by dmitri mendeleyev in 1871. Chemical properties of germanium element germanium, ge. Get periodic table facts on the chemical and physical properties of the element germanium. The number of electrons in each of germanium s shells is 2, 8, 18, 4 and its electron configuration is ar 3d 10 4s 2 4p 2. Some people promote it as a treatment for hiv and aids, cancer, and other conditions. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon. Physical origin of chemical periodicities in the system of elements in.
Germanium pure germanium is a hard, lustrous, graywhite, brittle metalloid. This webelements periodic table page contains physical properties for the element germanium. Such classification schemes illustrate the fact that useful horizontal as well as vertical relationships exist in the periodic table. Germanium, physical and chemical properties springerlink. Germanium ge chemical element periodic table 3d render. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. Germanium oxide has a high index of refraction and dispersion. Find physical and chemical properties of germanium ge like element name, symbol, atomic number, atomic weight, density, color, melting point, boiling point, physical state at room temperature, isotopes, compounds, half life period, category, year of discovery and more. Jan 23, 2018 recognizing that the missing component in argyrodite was a new element, winkler dubbed it germanium and proposed placing it between antimony and bismuth, based on chemical similarities with. Germanium is not a biologically significant element and have no role in the bodies of plants or animals. Germanium is also used to create alloys and as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps.
Germanium has a diamondlike structure and its properties are very similar to the physical and chemical properties of silicon. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. Webelements periodic table germanium physical properties. Germanium, basic physical and chemical properties of the element. The surface of lumps of germanium is protected by a very thin layer of germanium dioxide, geo 2. Pure germanium is a hard, lustrous, graywhite, brittle metalloid.
Between what two elements with similar chemical properties does germanium fit. Germanium is a block p, group 14, period 4 element. Despite serious safety concerns, germanium is used for heart and blood vessel conditions, including high blood pressure. A metalloid is an element that has characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. Certain methods of classifying elements on the basis of chemical properties are not strictly related to the groups in which the elements appear. Carbon and silicon are above germanium and tin and lead are below it. Germanium is an important semiconductor, mainly used in transistors and integrated circuits.
Germanium ge chemical element periodic table 3d render download this royalty free stock illustration in seconds. Germanium chemical element royalty free vector image. In its elemental form, cas 7440564, germanium is a brittle grayish white semi. Nci thesaurus ncit germide 4 is a monoatomic tetraanion and an elemental germanium. The seven rows of the table, called periods, generally have metals on the left and nonmetals on the right. Dmitri mendeleev first named the element ekasilicon, but it was later renamed by winkler. The density of the different forms of carbon depends upon the origin of these elements.
Germanium element steel grades, properties and global. Mendeleev provisionally called the predicted element eka. Winkler named the element as germanium for the country of germany. It is classified as a metalloid having the same crystal structure as diamond. What is germanium properties of germanium element symbol. This makes it suitable for use in wideangle camera.
The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. Find information on germanium including chemical element properties like atomic weight and a list of compounds that contain germanium. It is grayishwhite, lustrous, hard and has similar chemical properties to tin and silicon. Lead is a naturally occurring element and is a member of group 14 iva of the periodic table. The element is mostly distributed in nature, but its too reactive to occur free. Atomic and physical properties of group 14 elements youtube. Germanium element information, properties and uses. At red heat, germanium reacts with oxygen in air to from germanium dioxide. Germanium is a chemical element with atomic number 32 and symbol ge.
The germanium ge element served as an internal reflection element and the buildup of the layered system was followed in situ. The existence of germanium tetraethyl, gec 2 h 5 4, is in accord with the position the element occupies at the head of subgroup iv b in the periodic table. Us3024148a us6841a us684157a us3024148a us 3024148 a us3024148 a us 3024148a us 6841 a us6841 a us 6841a us 684157 a us684157 a us 684157a us 3024148 a us3024148 a us 3024148a authority us united states prior art keywords solution etching germanium solutions parts prior art date 19570830 legal status the legal status is. Slightly soluble in mercury to form gallium amalgam.
The chart below shows the calculated isotope pattern for the formula ge 2 h 6 with the most intense ion set to 100%. It is crystalline and brittle and retains its luster in air. The metalloid was one of the elements predicted by mendeleev in 1871. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Therefore, silicon, germanium, and lead will have similar chemical properties. It has a diamondlike crystalline structure and it is similar in chemical and physical. General properties, states, energies, appearance and characteristics. In pure form, the element is a grayishwhite metalloid. Germanium was discovered by clemens alexander winkler in germany in 1886 in a mineral sample from a silver mine. Electron transfer across the germaniumpolyelectrolytegold.
Used in semiconductor, infrared prism, mirror and wide angle lens, etc. Germanium chemical element periodic table science symbol. Allotropes are nothing but forms of an element with varying physical as well as chemical properties. When doped with small amounts of arsenic, gallium, indium, antimony or phosphorus, germanium is used to make transistors for use in electronic devices. Lead isotopes are the stable decay product of three naturally radioactive elements. The chemical and physical properties of lithium, or li. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. Lothar meyer 18301895 independently developed a similar system around the same time. This is a 2by3 centimeter piece of polycrystalline germanium, weighing about 12 grams. Physical properties of carbon family definition all the carbon family member are solids.
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